New Model Army. 1645. English parliamentary army replaced private armies. Won Civil War.

New Orleans, Battle. 1815 Andrew Jackson, unaware, devastates British 2 weeks after War of 1812 ends.

New Sweden. 1638-55. Swedish colony in North America captured by Dutch. «Delaware.

Nibelungen. Rich subterranean dwarfs of 12C German epic poem c1200. Basis of Wagner’s Ring.

Nicholas II. 1868-1918. Last Russian Czar 1894-. Russo-Japanese War 1904. 1905 Revolution. Duma. Shot during 1917 revolution.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicias, Peace. 421BC. Pause in Peloponnesian War.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nijmegen, Treaties. 1678-9. Ended Dutch Wars.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Nixon, Richard. 1913-94. US president 1969-74. Hiss investigation. Checkers. China relations. Vietnam cease-fire. Watergate. Pardoned.

Northampton, Battle. 1460. War of the Roses. York victory earns right to succeed Henry VI.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

Northern War, Great. 1700-21. Sweden vs Russia and allies. Ends Sweden’s power, begins Russia’s.

Norway. 872 United by Harald Fairhair. 1130- Civil wars. 1397 Danish. 1814 Swedish. 1905 Independent. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Nystad, Treaty. 1721. Russia/Sweden. Russia gains window on Baltic. Ends Great Northern War.

Obregón, Alvaro. 1880-1928. Reforming Mexican President 1920-24. Peace after civil war.

October War. 1973. Egypt, Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur. Repulsed. UN creates buffer zone.

Oisin. (Ossian). 3C. Gaelic warrior bard. Legends of his father Finn MacCool.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Old Ironsides. 1797. US frigate Constitution. Tripolitan War. War of 1812.

Oliva, Peace. 1660. Ended First Northern War.

Olivares, Conde de. 1587-1645. Spanish Prime Minister 1625-43. Policies of warfare, tax caused revolt.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

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