Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Pontus. 3C-66BC. Asia Minor kingdom conquered by Rome.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Potemkin, Grigori. 1739-91. Russian Field Marshal. Supported Catherine II.

Priam. Last king of Troy. Father of Paris, Hector.

Prussia. 1226 Teutonic Knights. 1466 «Poland. 1525 Duchy of Poland. c1660 Independent. 1701 Kingdom. 1772-95 +NW Poland. 1871 Dominated German Empire. 1919 Weimar(W)/ Poland(E). 1933 Germany(W). Bismarck.

Ptolemy I Suter. c366-283BC. Ruled Egypt 323-; king 305-. General of Alexander the Great.

Ptolemy II. 308-246BC. Egyptian king 285-. Made Alexandria a cultural center. Built Pharos.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Ptolemy XV. Caesarion. 47-30BC. Egyptian king 44-. Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Killed by Octavian.

Purcell, Henry. 1658-1695. English chorale composer. First English opera. Dido and Aeneas 1689. King Arthur 1691. Fairy Queen 1692.

Pure Land Buddhism. 4C China, Japan. Followers of Buddha saviour Amitabha (Amida, O-mi-t’o). Paradise for invoking his name.

Pyrrhus. 319-272BC. King of Epirus. Defeated Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum at great cost (Pyrrhic Victory). Memoirs.

Radom, Confederation of. 1767. Polish nobles oppose king’s reforms leading to Partition.

Rama. Ideal Hindu god, king. Virtue personified.

Ramiro I. First King of Aragon 1035-63. Took lands from brother and Moors.

Ranjit Singh. 1780-1839. Maharaja of Punjab. Founded Sikh kingdom in N India.

Reginald of Châtillon. -1187. Crusade leader. Broken truce led to new war. Kingdom of Jerusalem lost.

Rehoboam. -c914BC. Last king of united Israel. First king of Judah.

Richard I. Lion Heart. 1157-99. King of England 1189-. Led Third Crusade. Captured and ransomed.

Richard II. 1367-1400. King of England 1377-99. Artistic, erratic, egocentric. Deposed.

Richard III. 1452-85. King of England 1483-. Murdered (?) nephews in tower. Killed at Bosworth by Henry VII, ending War of Roses.

Richard. 1209-72. English. King of the Romans 1256-71.

Robert II. 1316-90. First Stuart King of Scotland. 1371-.

Rockingham, 2nd Marquess. 1730-82. British Prime Minister. Tried to make peace with American colonies.

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