National Party. 1914. South African Afrikaaner pro-Apartheid, anti-Commonwealth party. In power 1948-94.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Nika Riot. 532. Constantinople. Revolt vs Emperor Justinian. 30,000 executed.

North Africa Campaign. 1940-3. Montgomery, Alexander defeat Rommel’s Afrikan Korps.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

Nyerere, Julius. 1922-99. First Tanganyika Prime Minister 1961, President 1962. Union with Zanzibar. President Tanzania 1964.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Oriskany, Battle. 1777. British ambush Americans.

Otakar II. -1278. King of Bohemia 1252-. Killed at Dürnkrut opposing HRE Rudolf I.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Pahlavi, Reza Shah. 1877-1944. Army officer. Led coup over Kajar dynasty 1925. Shah of Iran 1925-41.

Pastry War. 1838-9. France blockades Mexico. Wins cook’s 1828 damage claims.

Perestroika. 1986. Gorbachev’s policy of government and economic reform.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Porter, Cole. c1893-1964. US composer/lyricist. Kiss Me Kate 1948, Can Can 1953.

Porter, Katherine. 1890-1980. US writer. Ship of Fools 1962.

Prague Spring. 1968. Czech reforms face Soviet intervention. Dubcek.

Quantrill, William. 1837-65. Confederate guerilla leader of 1863 massacre at Lawrence, Kansas.

Radek, Karl. 1885-1939. Russian. COMINTERN leader, propagandist. Purged.

Rajatarangini. 1148. Historical chronicle of Kashmir India.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

Reich, Second. 1871-1918. German Empire under Kaisers William I, II.

Reichskammergericht. 1495-1806. Supreme Court of Holy Roman Empire.

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