Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Afrikaans. Dutch-derived language of South Africa.

Akkad. Ancient region in modern Iraq, north of Sumer. c24C BC; center of Sargon’s Semitic Empire.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Analytical Psychology. Jungian psychology.

Anatolia. 1900BC Hittite(C)/ Akkadian(E). 1200BC Phrygian. 8C Lydia. 546 Cyrus. 334BC Alexander. 133 AD Rome...Byzantine. 1071 Seljuk. 1243 Mongol/Crusaders. 1307 Ottoman. 1920 Turkey.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Anubis. Jackal-headed Egyptian god of dead.

Aranyakas. c700BC. Vedic text on rituals.

Archaic Period of Greek Art. c650-500BC. Egyptian influenced sculpture. Mythological vase painting.

Ashikaga. 1338-1573. Japanese Shogunate. Overthrew Emperor.

Asoka. 269-232BC. Indian Maurya Emperor. Buddhist convert, missionary.

Atlantic, Battle. 1939-45. Unsuccessful German attempt to blockade Britain, WWII.

Azerbaijan. 1828 Persia/Russia. 1918 Independent. 1922 USSR. 1936 Azerbaijan SSR. 1991 Independent. 1992-4 Karabakh War. CIS.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Baedeker, Karl. 1801-59. German guidebook publisher 1846-.

Baer, Karl. 1792-1876. Estonian/German naturalist: founded science of embryology. Discovered ovum 1827.

Balewa, Abubakar. 1912-66. First Nigerian Prime Minister 1957-. Assassinated by Ibos.

Balkan Crisis. 1875-8. Britain, Austria fear Russian expansion. Congress of Berlin.

Balkan Entente. 1934-9. Greece, Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia mutual defence pact.

Balkan League. 1912-13. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. Balkan Wars.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

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