Hallmark. 1300. First required in Britain.

Hamid II, Abdul. 1842-1915. Despotic Turkish Sultan, 1876-1909.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hammarskjold, Dag. 1905-61. Swedish UN Secretary General 1953-.

Hammerstein, Oscar. 1895-1960. US librettist. Oklahoma! 1943. Rogers.

Hammurabi. -1750BC. Babylonian king 1792- who codified the law.

Hamsun, Knut. 1859-1952. Norwegian modernist writer. Hunger 1890.

Han. 202BC-220. Chinese dynasty. Promoted Confucianism, education, culture, bureaucracy. KaoTsu.

Hancock, John. 1737-93. American revolutionary. First signer of Declaration of Independence.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Harald I. c850-933. First Norwegian king 860-930. Colonized Iceland c874.

Harald III. Norwegian king 1047-66. Killed invading England.

Harald Blue Tooth. c910-985. First Christian Danish king c940-. Unified Denmark, conquered Norway.

Hardecanute. c1019-42. King of English 1014-, Denmark 1028-.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Hardie, Keir. 1856-1915. British. Founded Scottish Labour Party 1888, Independent Labour Party 1893.

Harnack, Adolf von. 1851-1930. German theological historian. History of Dogma 1886-9.

Harold II. Last Saxon king of England, 1066. Killed at Hastings.

Harris, Lawren. 1885-1970. Canadian landscape, abstract painter. Group of Seven. Lake and Mountains 1928.

Harris, Roy. 1898-1979. US National music composer. Oklahoma flavour. Assymetric rhythms.

Hart, Moss. 1904-61. US playwright. You Can’t Take It with You 1936.

Harvard, John. 1607-38. Endowed University with £800 + 320 books.

Haskala. 18-19C Cultural movement to move European Jews from ghettos into mainstream.

Hatt-i Humayun. 1856. Turkish reform act, forced by major powers, but not always enforced.

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