Naturalism. 19C Style of landscape painting which captures nature. Turner. Constable. Boudin.

Neumann, John von. 1903-57. Hungarian/US mathematician. Computer theory; serial process. Assisted H-bomb development. Minimax theorem 1928.Theory of Games 1944.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Nivelle, Jean. 1422-77. Son of John II who refused to march against Burgundy.

Nova Scotia. Micmac. 10C Norse discover? 1497 Cabot discovers. 1605 French settle = Acadia. 1614 English. 1667 French. 1689 English. 1697 French. 1710 English. 1848 First British colony with Responsible Government. 1867 Canada.

Noyes, John. 1811-86. Founded Utopian Oneida community.

Oldcastle, John. c1378-1417. English soldier. Lollard heretic leader. Model for Falstaff.

Oneida Community. 19C US Perfectionist religious commune founded by Noyes....Oneida silver co.

Orléans, Louis, duc d’. 1372-1407. Began Armagnac/Burgundy conflict. Assassinated by supporters of John the Fearless.

Osborne, John. 1929-94. ‘Angry’ English playwright. Entertainer 1951. Look Back in Anger 1956.

Oswald, Lee Harvey. 1939-1963. Kennedy assassin; killed by Ruby.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Pemberton, John. 1831-88. US pharmacist. Coca Cola 1886.

Penry, John. 1559-93. Welsh Puritan executed for Marprelate Tracts.

Perfectionism. 19C. Conversion means freedom from all sin. Noyes. Oneida.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Pocahontas. c1595-1617. American Indian friend of colonists. Saved John Smith, married Rolfe.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Pole, John de la. c1464-91/2. Yorkist claimant to British throne. Killed in battle.

Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

Pottawatomie Massacre. 1856. John Brown’s abolitionists kill 5 pro-slavery settlers.

Powys, John. 1872-1963. English writer: Wolf Solent 1929.

Pragmatism. 19-20C. Philosophy emphasizing experiment and practical utility. Pierce. James. Dewey. Schiller.

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