Shang. c1766-c1122BC. Chinese dynasty. Earliest verified by archeological evidence. = Yin.

Ships. Iron- Foss 1777. Clipper 1832. Paddle- Charlotte Dundas 1801. Screw- Archimedes 1839. Nuclear- Nautilus 1955.

Sidney, Philip. 1554-86. English poet. Arcadia 1580. Defence of Poesie 1585.

Silk Route. Trade route from Rome to China. Followed by Marco Polo.

Siloé, Diego de. c1495-1563. Spanish Renaissance sculptor, Plateresque architect. Granada Cathedral.

Sinan. 1489-1588. Ottoman architect. Mosque of Suleiman, Istanbul 1550-7.

Siqueiros, David. 1896-1974. Mexican socialist mural painter. Third World. March of Humanity.

Smirke, Robert. 1781-1867. Architect. British Museum 1823.

Soane, John. 1753-1837. English Neoclassical architect, collector. Bank of England 1792-1833.

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Soufflot, Germain. 1713-80. Protégé of Marigny. Architect of the Panthéon c1757-90.

Sousa, John Philip. 1854-1932. US march composer.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spance, Basil. 1907-76. British architect. New Coventry Cathedral 1951.

Spanish March. 801. Charlemagne in northeast Spain.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Speer, Albert. 1905-81. Architect, Nazi war production organizer.

Sperry, Elmer. 1860-1930. US inventor of gyrocompass, improved dynamo, arc lamp.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St Mark’s. (San Marco) 832. Venice. Built to house remains of St Mark. Rebuilt 1071.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Ste. Chapelle. 1246-8. Paris. Architect: Pierre de Montreuil. Built to house The Crown of Thorns.

Strickland, Wm. 1787-1854. US Greek Revival architect.

Suger. 1081-1151. French Abbot of St-Denis, royal adviser. Rebuilt abbey, initiating Gothic style.

Sullivan, Louis. 1856-1924. US architect. Skyscrapers. Carsonn Pirie Scott Store, Chicago 1899-1904.

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