Archer, William. 1856-1924. Scottish critic, playwright. Translated Ibsen.

Archidamian War. 431-421BC. Peloponnesian War.

Archidamus II. Spartan king 469-427BC. Conflict w Athens.

Archimedes. 287-212BC. Greek mathematician: lever, screw. Principle of displacement of liquid. Screw pump 260BC. Catapult 215BC.

Archons. Ancient Greek chief magistrates.

Aristarchus. 310-230BC. Samos. First to postulate sun as center of solar system. Accused of impiety. Copernicus.

Arnolfo di Cambio. c1245-1302. Architect, Florence Cathedral.

Art Nouveau. (Jugendstil). 1885-1910. Originally English style of art and architecture. Reaction to Industrial uniformity. Beardsley. Tiffany. Gaudi.

Augustine of Canterbury, St. -c605. Apostle of England 597. First Archbishop of Canterbury 601. Converted King Ethelbert of Kent.

Ausgleich. 1867-1918. Split Empire into Austria and Hungary monarchies.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Austria-Hungary. 1867-1918 Dual monarchy. Ausgleich.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Bacon, Henry. 1866-1924. US classical revival architect. Lincoln Memorial 1911.

Baker, Herbert. 1862-1946. English architect: Pretoria government buildings; New Delhi.

Bakunin, Mikhail. 1814-76. Russian anarchist revolutionary. International movement. Advocated assassination. Dieu et l’état 1871.

Bakunists. Anarchist faction of Internationals.

Baltard, Victor. 1805-74. French architect. First to employ metal girders: Les Halles. St-Augustine’s Church.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Barcarole. Venetian gondolier’s song with rocking rhythm.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Barry, Charles. 1795-1860. English architect: Westminster Parliament 1840. Trafalgar Square 1840-3.

Bastille. 1370. Paris fortified residence for Charles V, became a state prison, arsenal 1397. Stormed July 14, 1789. Symbolic overthrow of monarch’s power. Lettres de Cachet.

Bataan Death March. 1942. Japanese force 60 mile march; 54 of 70,000 prisoners arrive.

Bauhaus. 1919-33. German art institute. ’Arts and sciences should cooperate in architecture’ -Gropius.

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