Henry I. 1069-1135. King of England 1100-. Regained Normandy for England 1106. Defined yard 1101.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Henry V. 1086-1125. German king 1106-, Holy Roman Emperor 1111-. Imprisoned pope 1111, ending investiture controversy. Concordat of Worms.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Heraclea. 280BC. “Pyrrhic” victory over Romans.

Heracleitus. c540-480BC. Greek philosopher. ’The only permanent thing is change.’ Fire is basis of matter.

Herculano, Alexandre. 1810-77. Portuguese Romantic poet.

Hercules. Roman hero = Greek Heracles.

Hercules, Tower of. Roman lighthouse in Spain, still in use.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hermandad. 1250-1550. Castile-Aragon defensive alliance.

Herodes Atticus. c101-177. Greek/Roman orator, banker. Gave major buildings to Athens.

Herrera, Fernando de. 1534-97. Spanish Humanist poet.

Herschel, William. 1738-1822. German/English astronomer, discovered Uranus 1781.

Hertz, Heinrich. 1857-94. German physicist: electromagnetic waves.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hesse, Hermann. 1877-1962. German/Swiss writer of psychological, mystical. Siddharta 1922. Steppenwolf 1927. Magister Ludi 1943.

Hessians. German mercenaries fighting for Britain in American Revolution.

Heuss, Theodor. 1884-1963. First President of German Federal Republic, 1949-59.

Hickock, James (Wild Bill). 1837-76. US frontier lawman.

Hilbert, David. 1862-1943. German number theorist. Hilbert Space.

Himmler, Heinrich. 1900-45. German Gestapo and SS head. Concentration camps. Suicide after Allied capture.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hindenburg. German zeppelin, explodes 1937 in New Jersey, kills 36.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

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