German Customs Union. Zollverein.

German-Danish War. 1848. Danes gain Schleswig-Holstein. 1864. Danes lose S-H.

German Democratic Republic. (GDR). 1949-90. East Germany. People’s Republic in Soviet mould. COMECON. Warsaw Pact. 1990 Germany.

German East Africa. 1891 German protectorate. 1919 Tanganyika, Ruanda Urundi.

German Movement. 18C Nationalist cultural movement. Lessing, Goethe, Schiller.

German South-West Africa. 1884 Protectorate. 1892-1919 Colony. Namibia.

German-Soviet Pact. 1939-41. Nonaggression agreement. Divided Poland, Baltic between USSR/Germany. Left Hitler free to invade Poland, starting WWII.

Germany. HRE. 1806 Confederation of Rhine. 1815 German Confederation. 1818 Zollverein. 1866 -Austria =North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Third Reich. 1949 German Democratic Republic(E), Federal Republic of Germany(W). 1990 re-united.

Germany, Federal Republic of. (FRG). 1949-90 West Germany. 1955 NATO. 1990 +GDR =Germany.

Gerry, Elbridge. 1744-1814. US statesman. XYZ Affair. 1812 Gerrymandering - drawing electoral boundaries to affect the outcome of an election.

Gestapo. 1933-45. Hitler’s internal secret police under Goering.

Ghazigi. “Warriors of the faith”. Ottoman military before Janissaries.

Gibbon, Edward. 1737-94. English historian. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire 1776-88.

Giulio Romano. 1492-1546. Italian Mannerist painter, architect. Palazzo del Te 1525/6.

Gladiators. 264BC-5C. Roman armed combatants for entertainment.

Gobineau, Joseph. 1816-82. Rationalized anti-semitism and Aryan supremacy. Essay on Inequality of Human Races 1353-5.

Godoy, Manuel de. 1767-1851. Spanish Prime Minister 1792~1808. Battle of Trafalgar and Fontainebleau Treaty.

Goering, Hermann. 1893-1946. German WWI flying ace, Nazi Prime Minister. Gestapo. Condemned at Nuremberg. Suicide.

Goethe, Johann. 1749-1832. German writer: Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796. Faust 1808-32. Memories 1809. Sturm und Drang.

Gold Standard. 1821-1937. Definition of national currencies in terms of gold purchasing power. Ended: 1931 Britain, 1933 USA, 1936 France. Friedman. Bretton Woods.

Golden Age. Peaceful period of man’s innocence. Greek equivalent of Eden.

Golden Bull. 1356. Charles IV edict eliminating papal power in selection of Holy Roman Emperor.

Golden House. 65. Nero’s huge Roman palace.

Goldman, Emma. 1869-1940. Russian/US anarchist. Deported from US, 1919.

Goncalves Dias, Antonio. 1823-64. Romantic “National” poet of Brazil.

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