Ferdinand. 1861-1948. Crown prince 1887-, First czar of Bulgaria 1908-18. Fought Ottomans. Gained independence.

Ferdinand. 1865-1927. Romanian king 1914-. Doubled size by treaties.

Festus, Sextus. 2C. Roman lexicographer. On the Meaning of Words.

Fetterman Massacre. 1866. Red Cloud-led Sioux kill 80 US Soldiers.

Feudalism. 8-14C. Social system. Lord grants land rights (fiefs) to vassals in return for military or other service. Manorialism. Seignorialism.

Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1804-72. German philosopher. God is illusion. Immortality of man is only through works and offspring. Thoughts on Death 1830.

Fichte, Johann. 1762-1814. German Nationalist Idealist philosopher. Influenced Totalitarianism. Addresses to the German Nation 1807-8.

Fiji. Melanesians. 1643 Tasman discovers. 1874 British 1970 Independent.

Finnish War of Independence. 1918. Anti-communists defeat Bolsheviks with German aid.

Fisher, St. John. 1469-1535. English Humanist scholar. Beheaded for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of church. More.

Fizeau, Armand. 1819-96. French physicist. Measured speed of light, 1849.

Flaminian Way. 220BC. Roman road to Rimini.

Flamininus, Quinctus. c227-174BC. Roman General who def Philip V of Macedonia 197BC.

Flaxman, John. 1755-1826. British Neoclassical sculptor.

Flood, Great. c3000BC. Destruction of man and world by God. Forty days and night. Noah. Gilgamesh.

Flora. Roman goddess of flowers.

Florence, Union of. 1439. Brief reconciliation of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches.

Florentine. School of Painting. 1270 Academy of Fine Arts. Express humanist ideas through art. Realism and chiarascuro. DaVinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.

Flying Dutchman. Legendary ghost ship of Cape of Good Hope.

Fokker, Anthony. 1890-1939. Dutch/German/ US aircraft engineer for Germany, WWI. Remote control plane, 1919.

Forster, E. M. 1879-1970. English humanist novelist. Room With a View 1908. Passage to India 1924.

Fortuna. Roman goddess of destiny. = Tyche.

Fortunatus. Hero with inexhaustible purse in 15C German lit.

Forum. 2C. Roman open-air meeting place. Trajan.

Fouqué, Friedrich. 1777-1843. German Romantic writer. Undine 1811.

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