Harald III. Norwegian king 1047-66. Killed invading England.

Henry III. 1202-72. English king, 1216-. Provisions of Oxford 1258. Montfort.

Henry III. 1551-89. French king 1574-. Wars of Religion, Three Henrys. Assassinated.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Henry VII. 1457-1509. First Tudor King of England 1485-. Defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, 1485. Ended War of Roses. United Lancasters, Yorks.

Henry VIII. 1491-1547. King of England 1509-. Executed Thomas More. Established Church of England. Dissolved monasteries. Six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

Howard, Catherine. 1521-42. 5th wife of Henry VIII. Beheaded.

Hungarian Uprising. 1703-11. Ferenc Rákóczi II led vs Hapsburg centralism. No real change achieved. 1956. Student-led revolt crushed by Russian troops. Kádár puppet government established. Nagy executed.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Innocent VIII. 1432-92. Pope 1484-. Authorized Inquisition against witchcraft 1484.

Isabella. 1292-1358. Ousted husband Edward II in favour of son, Edward III, 1327.

Issus, Battle. 333BC. Alexander the Great defeats Persians under Darius III.

James III. 1452-88. King of Scotland 1460-. Killed by rebels at Sauchieburn.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John III. The Fortunate. 1502-57. King of Portugal 1521-. Instituted Inquisition.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

Ladislaus III. 1424-44. Polish King 1434-. Ladislaus V of Hungary 1440-. Led 2 crusades vs Turks.

Leo III, St. -816. Pope 795-. Crowned Charlemagne recreating Western Roman Empire.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Leopold III. 1901-83. King of Belgians 1934-51. German prisoner 1940-5. Abdicated.

Lewes, Battle. 1264. English barons capture Henry III and Prince Edward, force concessions.

Lincoln, Battle. 1217. Henry III defeats nobles supporting Louis VIII of France.

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