Farinelli, Carlo. 1705-82. Italian castrato soprano.

Farnese, Alessandro. 1545-92. Italian/Spanish governor of Netherlands. Quelled rebellion.

Fellini, Federico. 1920-95. Italian symbolist filmmaker. La Dolce Vita 1960.

Fermi, Enrico. 1901-54. Italian/US atomic physicist. Transuranic elements.

Ficino, Marsilio. 1433-99. Italian philosopher. Translated Greek classics to Latin. Theologia Platonicum 1482.

Fiorentino, Rosso. 1495-1540. Italian/French Fontainebleau painter.

Fontana, Domenico. 1543-1607. Italian/Swiss architect. Vatican Library 1587. St. Peter’s Cupola 1588.

Francesca, Piero della. 1406-92. Italian fresco painter. Story of the True Cross 1465.

Frescobaldi, Girolamo. 1583-1643. Italian organist, instrumental composer. Bold chromaticism.

Futurism. 1909-1915. Italian artistic movement founded by Marinetti. Glorified machine age, war and violence. Exemplified by simultaneity of images like strobe effect. Boccioni, Balla.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Galuppi, Baldassare. 1706-85. Italian. Developed opera buffa.

Galvani, Luigi. 1737-98. Italian physiologist. Electrical stimulation of frog’s legs 1780.

Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Gentili, Alberico. 1552-1608. Italian jurist. International laws on the conduct of war.

Gentlemen’s Agreement. 1907. US-Japan. Restricted emigration and discrimination. 1937. British-Italian agreement on Mediterranean. Appeasement.

Giolitti, Giovanni. 1842-1928. Italian Prime Minister 1892~1921. Universal male suffrage 1912.

Giulio Romano. 1492-1546. Italian Mannerist painter, architect. Palazzo del Te 1525/6.

Goldoni, Carlo. 1707-93. Italian dramatist. Realistic comedy.

Gratian. Italian monk. Codified canon Law. Decretum Gratiani c1142.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Guarantees, Law of. 1871. Failed to define relationship between papacy and Italian government. Lateran Treaty, 1929.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guido d’Arezzo. c990-1050. Italian Benedictine monk. Invented musical staff.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

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