Cassini, César. 1714-84. Italian/French astronomer, cartographer of France.

Cassini, Giovanni. 1625-1712. Italian astronomer. Movement of moon.

Castiglione, Baldassare. 1478-1529. Italian writer. Ideal court gentleman. Il Cortigiano 1528.

Catherine of Sienna, St. 1347-80. Influential Italian mystic. Patron saint of Italy.

Cherubini, Luigi. 1760-1842. Italian/French composer. Classical form; French opera.

Cimabue, Giovanni. c1240-1302. Italian painter. Broke from Byzantine to natural style by characterizing individuals. St. John. Pisa Cathedral. Sta Trinita Madonna c1290.

Cimarosa, Dominico. 1749-1801. Italian comic opera composer.

Cisalpine Republic. 1797-1802. North Italy, created by Napoleon. 1802 Italian Republic. 1805-15 Kingdom of Italy.

Collodi, Carlo. 1826-90. Italian writer. Pinocchio.

Concini, Concino. -1617. Italian favourite of Marie de Medici. Marshal of France. Executed.

Condottieri. 14-15C. Ineffective Italian mercenary leaders.

Corelli, Arcangelo. 1653-1713. Italian violinist and composer. Early developer of concerto 1712.

Corregio. 1494-1534. Italian painter. Anticipated Baroque Style. Virgin and St. Francis 1515. Adoration 1530. Leda and Swans 1531.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Croce, Benedetto. 1866-1952. Italian statesman, philosopher. Opposed fascism.

D’Annunzio, Gabriele. 1863-1938. Italian nationalist writer. Siezed Fiume 1919. Revived Roman salute.

Dante Alighieri. 1265-1321. Italian moralist poet. First vernacular. Banquet 1306. Divine Comedy 1321, printed 1472.

DeGasperi, Alcide. 1881-1954. Italian Prime Minister 1945-53. Post-war reconstruction.

Della-Cruscans. 18C. English poets of sentimental Italian verse.

Della Robbia, Luca. c1400-82. Italian sculptor. Angels for Florence Cathedral Cantoria. c1435. Introduced enamelled terra-cotta.

Dictionary. 150BC Chinese. 1612 Italian. 1933 OED.

Donizetti, Gaetano. 1797-1848. Italian Romantic opera composer. Lucretia Borgia 1833.

Einaudi, Luigi. 1874-1961. Italian. First President of Republic, 1948-55.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Eustachio, Bartolomeo. -1574. Italian anatomist. Eustachian tube. Anatomy of Ear 1552.

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