Modigliani, Amadeo. 1884-1920. Italian/French artist. Elongated necks and simplified figures. Head 1911-12. Recining Nude 1919.

Monte di Pietà. 1463. Italian institute to lend money to poor at low interest.

Montecuccoli, Raimondo. 1609-80. Italian Holy Roman Empire general. Defeated Turks 1664, French 1672-5.

Montessori, Maria. 1870-1952. Italian educator. System based on spontaneity and self motivation 1907.

Monteverdi, Claudio. 1567-1643. Italian composer. First opera: Orfeo 1607. L’Arianna 1608. Madrigals 1583.

Moravia, Alberto. 1907-90. Italian novelist of social alienation. The Conformist 1951.

Moro, Aldo. 1916-78. Italian Prime Minister 1963~76. Killed by left wing terrorist Red Brigade.

Munich Agreement. 1938. Recognition of Italian and German conquests by Chamberlain and Daladier. Dismembered Czechoslovakia. Appeasement Policy. Sudetenland.

Mussolini, Benito. Il Duce. 1883-1945. Italian Fascist dictator 1922-. Seized Abyssinia 1935. Allied with Germany WWII. Shot.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Nervi, Pier. 1891-1979. Italian architect. UNESCO Building, Paris 1953. Olympic Stadium, Rome.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Palestrina. 1525-94. Italian composer. Pioneer of chordal music. A capella choir 1585. Improperia 1560.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

Paschal II. -1118. Italian pope 1099-. Investiture Controversy.

Pellico, Silvio. 1789-1854. Italian writer. My Prisons 1832.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Pérugini, Pietro le. 1445-1523. Italian painter. Taught Raphael. St. Peter and Keys 1482 (Sistine Chapel).

Peruzzi, Baldassarre. 1481-1536. Italian architect, painter. Palazzo Massimo 1535. Villa Farnesina 1509-21.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

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