Tubruq, Battle. WWII. British defeat Italians in Libya.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Valla, Lorenzo. 1407-57. Italian Humanist scholar. Exposed Donation of Constantine, 1440.

Vasari, Giorgio. 1511-74. Italian Mannerist painter, architect, writer. Coined term Renaissance. Painters Lives 1550. Uffizi Palace architect.

Vega Carpio, Lope Felix de. 1562-1635. “Father” of Spanish drama. 1800 plays. Italian form to Spanish poetry.

Venetian school. 15-18C Italian Arcadian painting of brilliant mosaic color. Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto. Montegna.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

Vico, Giambattista. 1668-1744. Italian cultural philosopher: Scienzo Nuova 1720.

Victor Emmanuel III. 1869-1947. Last Italian king 1900~46. Supported Mussolini. Abdicated.

Volsci. -338BC. Italian peoples conquered by Rome.

Volta, Alessandro. 1745-1827. Italian physicist: electric battery 1800.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Wyat, Thomas. 1503-42. English poet. Introduced Italian sonnet form to English.

Young Italy. 1831-48 Mazzini movement to establish an Italian Republic.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.

Acid Rain. 1940-. Rain and fog of pH<5.5 caused by industrial air pollution. Prevalent in North America, Eastern Europe.

Arcadius. 377-408. First Roman Emperor of East, 395-.

Aroostook War. 1838-9. US-Canadian border dispute in East.

Athos, Mt. 963-. Greek theocracy, site of Orthodox monasteries.

Austrasia. 511-751. East Frankish kingdom. Part of Merovingian Empire. 7C Mayors of Palace held power. Carolingian Empire. Clovis. Neustria.

Balkans. Inhabited c6000BC. 6C BC Illyria. 148BC Rome(Illyricum)(N). 285 Byzantine(E). 4-7C Goths, Avars, Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Slavs, Bulgars, Serbs invade. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Serbian empire. 1389 Ottoman. 1699 Austria(E,N)/Venice(S,W). 19C Eastern Question. Albania. Bosnia-Herzegovina. Bulgaria. Croatia. Greece. Macedonia. Montenegro. Romania. Serbia. Slovenia. Yugoslavia.

Bangladesh. c200BC Maurya. 4C BC Gupta. 8C Buddhist(E). 12C Hindu. 13C Turk. 1576-Mogul. 1857 Britain. 1947 = East Pakistan. 1971 Independent = Bangladesh.

Basil, St. 330-79. Founder of Basilians...Greek Orthodox Church.

Bassein, Treaty. 1802. Indian alliance with British East India Company leads to second Maratha War.

Belloc, Hilaire. 1870-1953. French/English writer: Bad Child’s Book of Beasts 1896. Cautionary Tales 1907.

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