Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Paleolithic. 2.5M-10,000BC. Old Stone Age.

Pali. Indo-European language of Buddha.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Pankhurst, Emmeline. 1858-1928. English suffragette. Founded Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903.

Paris School. 1900-30. Bohemian golden age of arts in Montparnasse.

Parry, William. 1790-1855. English arctic explorer. Failed to find NW Passage.

Parsons, Charles. 1854-1931. English inventor of multi-stage steam turbine, 1884.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Pastry War. 1838-9. France blockades Mexico. Wins cook’s 1828 damage claims.

Philby, Kim. 1912-88. British/Soviet double agent 1933-51. Escaped to USSR 1963. My Secret War 1968.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Phillips, Wendell. 1811-84. US abolitionist, women’s suffrage, prohibition crusader.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Piaget, Jean. 1896-1980. Swiss psychologist. Child development in four stages: sensorimotor, symbolic, concrete, logical.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Pinkerton, Allan. 1819-84. Scottish/US founder first US detective agency 1850. Foiled plot vs Lincoln 1861.

Place de Grève. -1830 Meeting place for Paris unemployed in Middle Ages.

Plantagenet. 1154-1485. English dynasty. Lancaster, York. Angevins. Geoffrey.

Plantagenet, Richard. Duke of York. 1411-60. Protector during king’s insanity, 1454. Claims to succession led to War of Roses.

Pléiade, La. 16C. French Renaissance poets, aimed to enrich French language. Ronsard, Bellay, Belleau, Jodelle, Dorat, Baïf, Tyard.

Pleistocene. c2,500,000-8,000BC. Ice Age.

Poor Law Commission. 1842. Chadwick recommends municipal clean water supply and sewage systems to prevent disease.

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