Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1756-91. Viennese Classical composer. European tour at age 6. Seemingly effortless compositions of symmetry and melody with emotional feeling. Marriage of Figaro 1786. Don Juan 1787. Magic Flute 1791.

Mukden Incident. 1931. Japan takes over Manchuria on pretext of attempted railway sabotage.

Muses. Nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne that preside over the areas of knowledge: Calliope-epics, Clio-history, Erato-love poems, Thalia-comedy, Melpomene- tragedy, Terpsichore-dance, Euterpe-music, Polyhymnia-sacred poems, Urania-astronomy.

My Lai Massacre. 1968. US troops kill all residents of Vietnamese village. Calley.

Mycenaeans. c1600-c1100BC. Greek civilization. Time of Homer’s epics. Late Bronze Age. Ended with Dorian invasion.

Napoleonic Code. 1804-. French laws standardized. Personal liberty, equality, justice, divorce, marriage, property rights. Still in use.

Narcissus. Greek youth, loved by Echo, loved his own image.

NASA. 1958-. US space agency.

National Trust. 1895. Non-profit organization to preserve British heritage buildings and lands.

Neolithic. 10,000-2,000BC. New Stone age.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nordenskjöld, Erik. 1832-1901. Sweden. First successful navigation of North-East passage 1878-9.

Northwest Passage. Attempts 1497- to find a sea route around Canada to Asia. Amundsen succeeded 1903-6. McClure 1853.

Norton, Thomas. 1532-84. First English tragedy with Sackville, in blank-verse. Gorboduc 1561.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

Old Age Pensions. 1909 Britain, 1935 US.

Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Old Kingdom. c2780-2160BC. Pyramid Age of Egypt.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

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