Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Newspapers.1566 Venice (first). 1594 Mercurius Gallobelgious England. 1621 Batter England. 1662 First censorship. 1690 Boston. 1702 Daily Courant, first daily.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nod. Biblical land where Cain fled.

Nordic Council. 1953-. Denmark, Norway, Sweden. 1955 +Finland. Promotes cultural unity, reciprocal rights.

Norman Conquest. 1066. Brought Norman laws, customs, feudal system to England. Hastings.

Normandy. Rome. 911 Norse(Rollo). 1066 + England. 1204 French. 1420 English. 1450 French.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

Northumbria. Anglo-Saxon kingdom. c605 Bernicia + Deira = Northumbria. 9C Danish. 944 +England.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

Nyasaland. Malawi.

O’Connor, Rory. c1116-98. Last high king of Ireland 1166-75. Submitted to Henry II in Treaty of Windsor.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

Olaf V. 1903-91 King of Norway 1957-. Commanded army vs Germany in 1944, then fled to England.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Oswy. -670. King of Bernicia 641-, Northumbria 655-. United most of S. England.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

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