Russo-Japanese War. 1904-5. Unsuccessful attempt to limit Japanese Imperialism. A cause of Russian Revolution 1905.

Ruthenia. 1321 Lithuania. 1772 Russ/Austria-Hungary. 1920 Czechoslovakia. 1939 Hungary. 1945 = Transcarpathian Ukraine (USSR).

Rütli Oath. 3 Swiss cantons vow to rebel vs Austria.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Saarinen, Eliel. 1873-1950. Finnish/US modern architect, teacher. Palace of League of Nations (Geneva) 1927.

Sabellianism. 3C Christian heresy. Trinity is 3 manifestations of one Godhead.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Sacre Coeur. Paris basilica built 1873-1910 by Abadie, at a cost of FF40 million.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Saionji Kimmochi, Prince. 1849-1940. Japanese Prime Minister 1901~12. Tried to moderate militarism.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Salamis, Battle. 480BC. Greek naval victory over superior Persian fleet.

Salazar, Antonio. 1889-1970. Portuguese dictator 1932-68.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Salieri, Antonio. 1750-1825. Austrian court composer. Operas.

Salisbury, First Earl. 1563-1612. British adviser to Elizabeth I. Negotiated James I succession.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

Salk, Jonas. 1914-95. US discoverer of polio vaccine 1954.

Salomon, Haym. 1740-85. Main financial backer of American Revolution.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

SALT. US-USSR Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. 1969-79. Agreement 1972. 1979 agreement not ratified by US Senate.

Salvation Army. 1865. Booth Christian charitable organization. Named 1878.

Samhitas. Collections of Vedic hymns and liturgy.

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