Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orangemen. 1795- Irish Protestant political faction.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Orion. Greek mythical hunter.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Overlord, Operation. = Normandy Invasion.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Oxford English Dictionary. 1884-1928. 10 volumes, 2.4 million quotations. OED2 1989. James Murray.

Oxford Group. 1921- Early form of Buchmanism stressing group confessions.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Páez, José. 1790-1873. Venezuelan revolutionary with Bolivar. First president 1831~43. Dictator 1861-3.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palais de la Bourse. 1808-1907. First public stock exchange 1724 was in Mazarin Mansion.

Palatinate. 1156-. Region of south Germany ravaged during 30 Years War and War of Grand Alliance. Saar.

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

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