Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Leonardo da Vinci. 1452-1519. Florentine painter, writer, sculptor, scientist. Prototypical Renaissance Man. Sfumato. Laws of Flight. Adoration of Magi 1479. Last Supper 1495. Mona Lisa 1503. Parachute 1480.

Leopold and Loeb. 1924. Wealthy, intellectual partners ‘perfect’ murder of Bobby Franks leads to life imprisonment. Darrow plea avoids execution.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Le Verrier, Urbain. 1811-77. French astronomer: predicted existence of Neptune by calculation, 1845.

Lessing, Doris. 1919-. Iran./Rhodesian/British novelist. The Children of Violence 1964.

Levant. Region of E Mediterranean from Greece to Egypt.

Levellers. 1645-50. English Civil War republican democratic party. Sought religious, political equality and end to monarchy.

Levi, Primo. 1919-87. Italian writer. Survival in Auschwitz 1947. Periodic Table 1975.

Levites. Hebrew religious teachers, who slaughtered the idolators of the golden calf.

Lewes, Battle. 1264. English barons capture Henry III and Prince Edward, force concessions.

Lex Talionis. Old Testament Law- An eye for an eye...

Lexington and Concord, Battle. 1775. First American Revolution battle. British march on Concord supply depot. Established guerilla warfare as colonist strategy. 273 British, 95 Americans killed. Paul Revere.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Li Po. 701-62. Chinese free spirited, playful, fantasy poet. Drowned, drunk, reaching for moon’s reflection.

Liber. Roman god of wine, fertility...Bacchus. = Dionysus.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Lima Declaration. 1938. W. Hemisphere solidarity vs Fascist threat.

Limerick Capitulation. 1691. Confirmed English rule and Protestant land ownership in Ireland.

Limited Liability. 19C. Sale of limited liability stock stimulated Industrialization.

Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-65. US Republican president 1861-. Civil War. Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated. Booth.

Lincolnshire Insurection. 1536. Against taxes, Dissolution of Monasteries.

Linnaeus, Carolus. 1707-78. Swedish botanist. Created Latin genus/species naming convention. Systema Naturae 1735. Philosophia Botanica 1751. Classified Homo Sapiens 1766.

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