Renaudot, Théophraste. 1586-1653. Physician to Louis XIII. Huguenot. Founder of first periodical, Gazette de France 1631.

Resistance. WWII underground paramilitary groups in German-occupied countries, notably France. Partisans. Maquis.

Restoration Period. England 1660-88. Charles II, James II. France 1814~30. Louis XVIII, Charles X.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

R101. 1930. British airship, world’s largest, crashed in France.

Ruhr. German steel region. Occupied by France 1923-30. Heavily bombed in WWII.

Russell, Frances. 1593-1641. Covent Garden market.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Savoy. 1034- Noble dynasty of France, Switzerland. Italian kings 1861-1946.

Savoy. 1048 Duchy founded by Humbert I. 1056 +Piedmont. 1720 +Sardinia -Sicily = Kingdom of Sardinia. 1792 French. 1814 Sardinia. 1815 +Genoa. 1860 France.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

Schlieffen Plan. 1905 German military strategy to conquer France. Failed in WWI but succeeded in WWII.

Schönbrunn, Peace. 1809. Austria lost land to France, Russia, Bavaria, Warsaw in Napoleonic Wars.

Security Council. UN executive. USA, USSR, China, France, UK, + 10 non-permanent.

Seven Years War. 1756-63. France, Russia, Austria vs England, Prussia who retain Silesia, emerge as major power. French colonial power reduced. England gains New France, India. French-Indian Wars.

Sévigné, Marie de. 1626-96. Author of Letters 1671 to her daughter depicting 17C France.

Seychelles. 1505 Portugal discovers. 1756 France. 1794 British. 1903 Crown Colony. 1976 Independent republic.

Sforza, Francesco I. 1401-66. Founder of Milanese dynasty 1450-1535.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Sino-French War. 1883-85. France wins control of Vietnam.

Socialist Party. 1892 Italy; 1905 France; 1932 Japan. 1932 Canada.

Somerset. 2nd duke. c1406-1455. English general. Lost English territory in France. Quarrel with Duke of York led to War of Roses.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Stresa Conference. 1935. Britain-France-Italy “front” vs German rearmament.

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