Moreno, Mariano. 1778-1811. Argentine revolutionary leader.

Morris, Robert. 1734-1806. US “financier of the Revolution”.

Necker, Jacques. 1732-1804. Swiss Finance Minister of France before the Revolution. Compte Rendu 1781. Called Estates General leading to French Revolution. Dismissal led to riots.

Nicholas II. 1868-1918. Last Russian Czar 1894-. Russo-Japanese War 1904. 1905 Revolution. Duma. Shot during 1917 revolution.

Nihilistm. 19C Russian philosophy of skepticism associated with disheveled revolutionaries. Utilitarianism and rationalism.

North, Frederick. 1732-92. English Prime Minister during American Revolution.

O’Brien, William. 1803-64. Irish revolutionary. 1848 Insurrection. Led Young Ireland. Banished.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

O’Higgins, Bernardo. 1778-1842. Chilean revolutionary, First president. 1818-23. Deposed.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Páez, José. 1790-1873. Venezuelan revolutionary with Bolivar. First president 1831~43. Dictator 1861-3.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parliament. British Monarch, House of Lords and Commons. 1295 Model Parliament. 1688 Glorious Revolution. 1911 Parliament Act. Curia Regis. Name of legislatures of most former British colonies.

People’s Republic. Communist government by a people’s party. Democratic mandate from popular revolution. Often Totalitarian.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Pillnitz, Declaration of. 1791. Holy Roman Empire, Prussia support Restoration in France. French Revolutionary Wars.

Pinel, Philippe. 1745-1826. French physician. Revolutionized care of the insane at Salpêtrière with humane treatment.

Plain. Moderate party in French Revolution. Montagnards.

Plekhanov, Georgi. 1857-1918. Russian revolutionary tried to reconcile Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.

Polignac, Auguste de. 1780-1847. French minister to Charles X. Disolved Chamber of Deputies, causing July Revolution 1830.

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