Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Awami League. 1954-71. For Bangladesh independence. Rahman.

Bannockburn, Battle. 1314. Scots defeat English, assuring independence. Robert the Bruce.

Basel, Peace. 1499. Holy Roman Empire grants Swiss independence.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Berlin Congress. 1878. Bulgaria divided, independence for Romania, Serbia. Turkey gains Macedonia. Russia gains Armenia. Britain gains Cyprus. Revised San Stefano treaty.

Bermuda. 1511 Spain discovers. 1609 Shipwrecked British settle, inpiring Tempest. 1617-1834 Slavery. 1968 Autonomous British Colony. 1995 Referendum rejects independence.

Boyacá, Battle. 1819. South American rebels win independence from New Granada from Spain. Bolivar. Santander.

Byron, Lord. 1788-1824. English Romantic poet. Aided Greek indep. Hours of Idleness, Prisoner of Chillon, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812, Don Juan 1812.

Cakste, Janis. 1859-1927. Latvian independence leader, First president 1922-.

Carabobo, Battle. 1821. Venezuela defeats Spain, gaining independence.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Continental Congress. 1774-89. US Government until Constitution approved. Proclaimed Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence. July 4, 1776. American colonies declare independence from British rule during War of Independence.

Dinh Bo Linh. -979. Emperor, reunified Vietnam, gained independence from China.

Durham Report. 1839. Advocated colonial independence from Britain, BNA Act.

Ferdinand. 1861-1948. Crown prince 1887-, First czar of Bulgaria 1908-18. Fought Ottomans. Gained independence.

Finnish War of Independence. 1918. Anti-communists defeat Bolsheviks with German aid.

Gallicanism. 13-19C. French Catholic independence from papal authority. Conciliarism vs Ultramontanism.

Goliad Massacre. 1836. 350 Texan prisoners by Mexico in War for Independence.

Grattan, Henry. 1746-1820. Irish independence leader. Irish Parliament 1782. Poyning’s Law repeal movement.

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