German Democratic Republic. (GDR). 1949-90. East Germany. People’s Republic in Soviet mould. COMECON. Warsaw Pact. 1990 Germany.

German-Soviet Pact. 1939-41. Nonaggression agreement. Divided Poland, Baltic between USSR/Germany. Left Hitler free to invade Poland, starting WWII.

Gordon Riots. 1780. NoPopery Riots led by Lord Gordon to demand Catholic Relief Act repeal.

Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Great Britain. 1707 Kingdom of England, Scotland, Wales. United Kingdom. Act of Union.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

Grenville, George. 1712-70. British Prime Minister 1763-65. Revenue Act. Stamp Act.

Guelfs and Ghibellines. 1154-15C. Rival factions responsible for feuds in Germany and Italy. Welfs.

Gwyn, Nell. 1650-87. English actress. Popular mistress of Charles II 1669-.

Habeas Corpus Act. 1679. England. Right of prisoner to appear in court before being imprisoned.

Halepa, Pact. 1878. Turks grant self-government to Cretan Greeks.

Hall, Charles. 1863-1914. US. Aluminum manufacturing process 1886.

Harris, Lawren. 1885-1970. Canadian landscape, abstract painter. Group of Seven. Lake and Mountains 1928.

Hatch Acts. 1939,40. Limit campaign contributions in US.

Hatt-i Humayun. 1856. Turkish reform act, forced by major powers, but not always enforced.

Head Act. 1465. Bounty to English colonists for heads of Irish.

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Hepworth, Barbara. 1903-75. English abstract sculptor.

Highland Garb Act. 1746-82. Prohibited wearing of tartan.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

Home Rule Bill. 1914 Separate Irish Parliament. 1920 Government of Ireland Act. Irish Free State.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hooke, Robert. 1635-1703. English inventor of balance spring watch. Diffraction 1672. Wave theory of light.

Hudaybiyah, Pact of al-. 628. Muhammad and followers allowed into Mecca for pilgrimage. Hijrah.

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