Christian X. Danish king 1912-47. Symbol of Danish Resistance. Imprisoned by Nazis 1943-5. Women’s vote 1915. Independent Iceland 1918.

CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Comoros. 8C Moslem. 1527 Europeans explore. 1886 France. 1975 Independent.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Cordoba, Treaty. 1821. Mexican independent from Spain.

Costa Rica. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1564 Spain settles. 1821 Independent. 1822 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Czech Republic. Bohemia + Moravia. 1918 Czechoslovakia. 1993 Independent.

Djibouti. 1896 =French Somaliland (Afars, Issas). 1977 Independent.

Dominica. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1660s French settle. 17C French, British dispute. 1805 British. 1966 Self-governing. 1978 Independent republic.

Dominican Republic. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. Spain 1795 France 1801 Haiti. 1809 Sp. 1822 Haiti. 1844 Independent.

Don Cossacks. 16C-1707. Semi-independent Republic.

Ecuador. 1000 Quito Indian kingdom. 15C Inca. 1534 Spain. 1822 Independent «Gran Colombia. 1830 Republic. 1832 +Galapagos.

El Salvador. Nahua, Pipil, Maya. 1524 Spain 1821 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1840 Independent. 1980-92 Civil war.

Elgin, James Bruce, 8th Earl of. 1811-63. Governor General. Worked for independent Canadian government.

Equatorial Guinea. 10-15C Bubi. 1469 Portugal. 1778 Spain 1827 British base. 1843 Spain. 1964 Self-government. 1968 Independent.

Eritrea. 2-9C Aksumite (Ethiopian) Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17-19C Dispute. 1889 Italy. 1941 Britain. 1952 Autonomous within Ethiopian Empire. 1962 Ethiopian province. 1993 Independent.

Estonia. c1000BC Aesti. 9C- Vikings invade. 11,12C Russia, Denmark, Sweden invades. 1219 Denmark. 1346 Teutonic Knights buy. 16C Sweden/Poland/Denmark divide. 17C Sweden. 1721 Russian. 1918 Independent. 1919-33 Unstable governments. 1924 Failed Bolshevik revolution. 1934 Päts coup. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Euzkadi. 1936-7. Independent Basque rep. Guernica.

Fiji. Melanesians. 1643 Tasman discovers. 1874 British 1970 Independent.

Florence. c200BC Etruscan. 59BC Rome. 1198 Independent rep. 1434 Medici. 1532 + Tuscany. 1860 Italy (1865-70 capital).

French Equatorial Africa. 1839 French settle. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Central African Republic + Independent Chad, Gabon, Congo.

Gabon. Mpongwe. 1485 Portugal. 1839 France 1889 «Congo. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1940 Free France. 1946 French Territory. 1960 Independent republic.

Galicia. 6C Lechs/Ruthenians settle. 10C Russian. 1087 Independent prin. 1241 Mongol. 1349 Pol. 1772 Austrian. 1918 Pol. 1939 USSR(E).

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