Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicephorus II Phocas. 912-69. Byzantine Emperor 963-. Resurgence of Byzantine power.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

NKVD. 1934-46. Soviet secret police. KGB.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

OGPU. 1923. Soviet secret police. 1934 NKVD. KGB.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Olier, Jean-Jacques. 1608-57. French priest: founded company of St-Sulpice.

O’Neill, Eugene. 1888-1953. US playwright: Iceman Cometh 1946. Long Day’s Journey into Night 1956.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Pahlavi, Reza Shah. 1877-1944. Army officer. Led coup over Kajar dynasty 1925. Shah of Iran 1925-41.

Parson’s Cause. 1755,58 Salary dispute of Anglican ministers in Virginia based on inflation of tobacco prices.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Passarowitz, Treaty. 1718. Venice cedes Peloponnesus to Ottomans. Ends Turkish War.

Peel, Robert. 1788-1850. English Prime Minister 1834~46. London police force 1829. Income Tax 1842. Founded Conservative Party. Bank Charter Act. Repealed Corn Laws 1846.

Pendleton Civil Service Act. 1883. US creates merit based civil service system vs Spoils System.

Perceval, Spencer. 1762-1812. Only British Prime Minister assassinated in office.

Peri, Jacopo. 1561-1633. Florentine composer. First opera. Dafne 1594. Euridice 1600.

Pérotin. -c1238. First composer to write for 4 voices. Sederunt.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Pinzon, Vicente. c1460-1523. Discovered Amazon 1500. Commanded Columbus’ Nina 1492,3.

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