Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

Jay, John. 1745-1829. US president of Continental Congress 1778. First Chief Justice. Jay’s Treaty.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

KGB. 1954-. Soviet secret police. =Cheka -1922; GPU 1922; OGPU 1923-34; NKVD 1934-46; MGB 1946-53. 1991 Split into FSB (domestic) and FIS (foreign).

Kiribati. Micronesians, Polynesians. 16C Spanish visit. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 British colony = Gilbert and Ellice Is. 1976 -Ellice Is. 1977 Self-governing. 1979 Independent republic = Kiribati.

Kosciusko, Tadeusz. 1746-1817. Polish. Led Rebellion 1794-7 vs occupiers. 3rd Partition of Poland. American Revolution war officer.

Lame Duck. Non-reelected office holder in office awaiting successor.

La Tour, Maurice de. 1704-88. French portraitist. Influenced by Caravaggio.

Lawrence, Thomas (of Arabia). 1888-1935. English writer, officer. Led Arabs against Turks, 1914-18: Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1926.

Laxness, Halldór. 1902-98. Icelandic writer. Weaver of Cashmere 1927. Independent People 1935.

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. 1532-88. Favourite of Queen Elizabeth I.

Lépine, Louis. 1846-1933. French administrator, prefect of police. Contest of inventors.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis XI. 1423-83. French King 1461-. Acquired Burgundy, Anjou. Postal service 1477. Arras Treaty.

Luckner, Felix. 1886-1966. German naval officer. Attacked commercial vessels in WWII.

Lumumba, Patrice. 1925-61. Congo independence leader. First Prime Minister of Zaire 1960-. Deposed, murdered.

MacMahon, Patrice de. 1808-93. French Marshal. Crushed Commune. President 1873-79.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Maeterlinck, Maurice. 1862-1949. Belgian Symbolist poet/playwright. Pelléas et Mélisande 1892.

Mahan, Alfred. 1840-1914. US naval officer/historian. Influence of Sea Power on History.

Manin, Daniele. 1804-57. Risorgimento leader. Venetian Republic president 1848-9.

Mann, Thomas. 1875-1955. German/US novelist. Opposed Nazism. Buddenbrooks 1900. Magic Mountain 1927. Death in Venice 1929. Dr Faustus.

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