Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Mahayana. 1C-. Liberal Buddhist doctrine of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet. Bodhisattva.

Mahler, Gustav. 1860-1911. Austrian classical Romantic symphony composer. Bridged gap between Romantics and atonalists. Resurrection Symphony 1894.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malaparte, Curzio. 1898-1957. Italian Fascist writer. Coup d’Etat 1931.

Malatesta. 13-16C. Italian family. Ruled Rimini.

Malenkov, Georgi. 1902-88. Stalinist Soviet premier 1953-5. Denounced 1957.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Mancini, Pasquale. 1817-88. Italian Risorgimento leader, statesman. Triple Alliance 1882.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Mannerism. 16C Exaggerated colorful painting style emphasizing craft, decorum. Palissy. Dürer. Cellini. Bruegel.

Manzoni, Alessandro. 1785-1873. Italian Romatic writer. The Betrothed 1825-7.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marconi, Guglielmo. 1874-1937. Italian physicist. First transatlantic radio reception 1901.

Marinetti, Fillippo. 1876-1944. Italian Fascist author. Founded Futurism 1909.

Markiewicz, Countess. 1876-1927. Irish Nationalist. First woman elected to British Parliament, 1918.

Marshall, James. 1810-85. Discovered gold 1848. California Gold Rush 1849.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

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