Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Granada. 745-1492 Moors. Last Moslem kingdom in Spain. Alhambra.

Granados, Enrique. 1867-1916. Spanish Nationalist composer. 7 Operas. Set of Tonadillas. Dances. Goyescas 1911-13.

Gratian. Italian monk. Codified canon Law. Decretum Gratiani c1142.

Greer, Germaine. 1939-. Australian feminist writer. Female Eunuch 1970.

Grieg, Edvard. 1843-1907. Norwegian “miniaturist” composer: Peer Gynt 1875. Gentle and appealing music.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Guarantees, Law of. 1871. Failed to define relationship between papacy and Italian government. Lateran Treaty, 1929.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guido d’Arezzo. c990-1050. Italian Benedictine monk. Invented musical staff.

Guild Socialism. 1900-20. British movement for state- owned, worker-controlled industry.

Guinea. Fulani, Malinke, Soussou. 18C Moslem. 1882 French 1958 Independent.

Haeretico Comburendo. 1401. English statute legalizing the burning of heretics.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1661-1715. English Whig statesman. Started National Debt. Established Bank of England. 1694.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1881-1959. English statesman. Viceroy of India 1925-31, Foreign Secretary 1938-40.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Hals, Frans. c1580-1666. Dutch portrait painter: Laughing Cavalier 1624. Nurse and Child c1620.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hansson, Per. 1885-1946. Swedish Prime Minister 1932-. Maintained neutrality in WWII.

Harrington, James. 1611-77. English idealist utopian writer. Oceana 1656.

Harun-ar-Rashid. c764-809. Abbasid Caliph, 786-. Subject of One Thousand and One Nights.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

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