Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Caravaggio. 1573-1610. Italian painter. Dramatic light, shadow. Naturalism. Fortune Teller, Guitarist 1590.

Cardano, Gerolamo. 1501-76. Italian physician. Described typhus fever.

Carducci, Giosue. 1835-1907. Italian Neoclassical poet.

Carissimi, Giacomo. 1604-74. Italian oratorio composer. Widened orchestral instrument variety.

Carlists. 1820-1937. Supporters, especially Basque, of Don Carlos’ claims vs Isabella under Salic Law.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Caruso, Enrico. 1873-1921. Dramatic Italian tenor.

Carver, George W. 1864-1943. US agriculturalist. Former slave.

Cassini, César. 1714-84. Italian/French astronomer, cartographer of France.

Cassini, Giovanni. 1625-1712. Italian astronomer. Movement of moon.

Castiglione, Baldassare. 1478-1529. Italian writer. Ideal court gentleman. Il Cortigiano 1528.

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty. 1559. Ended Italian Wars. Italy, Savoy to Spain. Calais to France.

Catherine of Sienna, St. 1347-80. Influential Italian mystic. Patron saint of Italy.

Cavalier, Jean. 1681-1740. Led Camisards 1702-4.

Cavalier Parliament. 1661-79. Royalist. Repressive laws against Puritans and Catholics.

Cavalier Party. 1660-88. Royalists. Became Tory.

Cavalier Poets. 17C Royalists. Lovelace. Herrick.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Cavaliers. Royalist partisans in English Civil War.

CCF. 1932. Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. Canadian Socialist party. 1961 =New Democratic Party.

Ceuta. c12C BC Phoenicia. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 618 Visigoth. 711 Moslem. 1415 Portugal. 1580 Spain. 1810 Britain. 1814 Spain.

Chamberlain, Joseph. 1836-1914. English imperialist politician.

Chaykovsky, Nikolai. 1850-1926. Russian Socialist. Opposed Bolsheviks. Led counterrevolutionary government 1918-20.

Cherubini, Luigi. 1760-1842. Italian/French composer. Classical form; French opera.

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