Three Principles of the People. 1923. Sun Yat-sen: Nationalism, freedom from Imperial rule; Democracy; Livelihood.

Tibet. 7C-838 Buddhist kingdom. 9C Divided. 1247 Mongol. 14C Yellow Hats established. 1642 5th Dalai Lama becomes ruler. 1715 Chinese suzerainty. 1792 Closed to foreigners. 1951 Autonomous within China. 1959 China crushes revolt. 1987~9 Riots vs Chinese rule.

Tudor. Welsh dynasty. Ruled England 1485-1603.

Tupac Amaru. c1742-81. Peruvian Indian revolutionary vs Spanish rule 1780-1. Mutilated, drawn, quartered, beheaded.

Tyrant. Originally any Greek ruler who seized power illegally. 5CBC- came to signify a cruel ruler.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Vasa. 1523-1818. Swedish dynasty. Ruled Poland 1587-1668. Dominated 17C Baltic.

Vitry, Philippe de. 1291-1361. French composer, codified rules of composition. Ars Nova 1320.

Vladimir I, St. 956-1015. First Christian Russian ruler. Ordered people to convert.

Walesa, Lech. 1943-. Polish Solidarity leader instrumental in forcing decline of Communist rule. President 1990-96.

Wessex. 495- Anglo-Saxon kingdom in south England. 829 +Mercia. 927 Conquered Danes to rule England. Ethelred. Alfred. Athelstan.

Whittington, Richard. 1358-1423. London Lord Mayor. Legend of merchant selling his cat for fortune to rat- plagued Moroccan ruler, he marries merchant’s daughter, becomes Lord Mayor.

William II. (Wilhelm). 1859-1941. German Emperor 1888-1918. Dismissed Bismarck. Sought world leadership. Precipitated WWI. Abdicated. -“I rule by God’s grace”.

Yellow Hats. 14C. Monastic Tibetan Buddhist sect. Ruled 1642-1950. Dalai Lama.

Zabern Affair. 1913. Riots caused by German military rule in Alsace-Lorraine.

Zangi. 1084-1146. Seljuk ruler. Defeated crusaders. Established Zangid dynasty in Middle East 1127-1250.

ZANU. Zimbabwe African National Union. 1963-. Founded by Mugabe vs white minority rule. 1987 +ZAPU.

Zaporozhe Cossacks. 16-18C. Ruled Ukraine.

ZAPU. Patriotic Front. Zimbabwe African People’s Union. 1961-. Founded by Nkomo vs white minority rule in Rhodesia. 1987 Merged with ZANU.

Action Française. 1898-1945. French right wing political movement and newspaper.

Anglo-Catholicism. High Church movement in Church of England. Stresses link with Roman Catholic church. Oxford Movement.

Anti-Corn Law League. 1839-46. Cobden and Bright’s pacifist movement for Free Trade, public education, against social reform and Chartists. Corn Laws.

Anti-Saloon League. 1893 US Temperance organization. Prohibition.

Aragon, Louis. 1897-1982. French Romantic poet + Communist.

Arminianism. 17C-. Christian movement. Free-will is compatible with God’s sovereignty.

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