Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Menshikov, Aleksandr. c1672-1729. Ruled Russia for Catherine I.

Minamoto Yoritomo. 1147-99. Founded Shogun system that ruled Japan to 19C.

M’Naghten Rule. 1843. US legal test of capacity to determine right from wrong.

Mortimer, Roger. c1287-1330. Lover of Queen Isabella. Deposed Edward II and ruled 1327-. Executed by Edward III.

Muhammad ’Ali Pasha. 1769-1849. Egyptian Viceroy 1805-48. Killed Mameluks. Aided Ottomans vs Greeks. Dynasty ruled Egypt to 1952.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Nader Shah. 1688-1747. Severe ruler of Persia 1736-. Conquered Turks and northern India. Took Koh-i-noor diamond, Peacock Throne.

Napier, John. 1550-1617. Scottish mathematician, invented logarithms 1614. Napiers bones anticipated slide rule. Decimal notation.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

O’Neill, Hugh. c1540-1616. Irish. Led failed revolt vs English rule.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Oughtred, Wm. 1574-1660. English. Slide rule c1630 (circular), 1633 (rectilinear).

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Pathet Lao. 1950-91. Laotian communists vs French rule in Indochina.

Pepin II. -714. Ruler of Franks 687-. United Merovingian kingdoms by defeating Neustria 687.

Philippine Insurrection. 1899-1902. Filipinos rebel vs US rule.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Prester John. Legendary Christian ruler of vast lands in Africa or Asia.

Psamtik I. -610BC. Pharaoh 664-. Reunited Egypt. Ended Assyrian rule.

Ptolemy I Suter. c366-283BC. Ruled Egypt 323-; king 305-. General of Alexander the Great.

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