Aspern-Essling, Battle. 1809. First important loss for Napoleon.

Astarte. Semitic goddess. =Aphrodite.

Athenian League. 378-338BC. Refounded Delian League. War with Sparta 378-371BC.

Atlantic Charter. 1941. British-US declaration of 8 principles of peace and security. Endorsed by >25 nations.

Atlantis. Legendary island which disappeared after earthquake.

Atomism. 5C BC. World is an infinity of small indestructible particles. Leucippus.

Attlee, Clement. 1883-1967. British Labour Prime Minister. 1945-51. National Health. Nationalization.

Attwood, Thomas. 1783-1856. British Chartist.

Audubon, John. 1785-1851. US ornitholigist, artist. Birds of America.

Augereau, Pierre. 1757-1816. Marshal under the Napoleonic Empire.

Aurignacian. Late Paleolithic art period.

Austerlitz, Battle. Moravia. Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians, Dec 2, 1805. Peace with Austria.

Austrasia. 511-751. East Frankish kingdom. Part of Merovingian Empire. 7C Mayors of Palace held power. Carolingian Empire. Clovis. Neustria.

Avalon. Elysium of Arthurian legend.

Axis Pact. 1936-45. German-Italian Agreement, 1936. Cooperative alliance maintained through WWII. Allied with Spain, 1939; Japan, 1936. Yugoslavia 1941. Tripartite Pact.

Ba’ath. 1943-. Pan-Arab Socialist unity party.

Babel. Babylonian tower to heaven started by Noah’s sons.

Babington, Anthony. 1561-86. English conspirator to murder Elizabeth I for Mary Queen of Scots. Beheaded.

Bach, Johann Sebastian. 1685-1750. German composer of fugues and chorales. Peak of polyphonic music. Brandenburg Concerto 1721. Well Tempered Clavier. Art of Fugue 1749.

Balfour, Arthur. 1848-1930. British Prime Minister 1902-5. Opposed Irish Home Rule. Balfour Declaration.

Barbara, St. c200. Maiden martyr at father’s hands, who was struck by lightning. Patron St. of artillerymen.

Barnard, Christian. 1922-2001. South African surgeon-first human heart transplant 1967.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Bart, Jean. 1650-1702. French privateer for Louis XIV vs English.

Barth, Karl. 1886-1968. Swiss Protestant theologian. Can only understand God through word of Christ.

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