Leda. Spartan Queen. Mother of Helen, Castor, Pollux.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Lockyer, Joseph. 1836-1920. English. Discovered helium in sun 1868.

Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Maysles, David. 1932-87. Albert, 1926-. US filmmakers. Cinéma vérité. Gimme Shelter.

Medea. Greek sorceress who helped Jason get fleece.

Menelaus. King of Sparta. Husband of Helen of Troy.

Mephistopheles. Faust’s devil.

Michelangelo. 1475-1564. Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, poet. Obsessed with reproducing the human form. Pieta 1497. David 1501-4. Sistine Chapel Ceiling 1508-12. Moses 1515. Bound Slave. Medici Tomb 1520. Last Judgement 1534-41. St. Peters cupola 1547.

Michelin, André. 1853-1931. Founded guide book 1900. Brother of Édouard.

Michelin, Édouard. 1859-1940. First removable pneumatic tires for bicycles 1888, for cars 1895.

Michelson, Albert. 1852-1931. Polish/US physicist. With Morley, disproved existence of ether 1887. Measured speed of light.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig. 1886-1969. German/US Bauhaus architect. Glass and steel. Glass Skyscraper 1921. -“less is more”.

Mitchell, Margaret. 1900-49. US novelist. Gone with the Wind 1936.

Mitchell, Reginald. 1895-1937. English designer of Spitfire aircraft.

Moltke, Helmuth von. 1800-91. Chief of Staff of Prussian army 1857-70, German 1870-88.

Monophysitism. 4C- Heretical Christian doctrine. Jesus has single divine nature. Coptics. Monothelitism. Nestorianism. Dualism. Chalcedon.

Monothelitism. 622-713. Christian heresy. Jesus had human and divine natures but only divine will. Monophysitism.

Montagu-Chelmsford Report. 1919. Basis of India Act.

Montaigne, Michel de. 1533-92. French sceptical humanist essayist. On Humanism 1580.

Napoleon I, Bonaparte. 1769-1821. French general. Emperor of France by coup d’etat 1804-14. Disastrous Moscow campaign 1812. Defeated at Waterloo 1815. Exiled to St. Helena. Napoleonic Wars. Napoleonic Code. Hundred Days.

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