P’u-i, Henry. 1906-67. Last Chinese Emperor. 1908-12. Japanese puppet Emperor of Manchukuo 1934-45. Interned by Soviets in Siberia 1945-50. Reeducated by Communist Chinese. Pardoned 1959. Mechanic. From Emperor to Citizen 1980.

Punic Wars. 264-241BC Rome gains Sicily from Carthage. Mylae. 218-201BC Rome defeats Hannibal attack, gains Spain. 149-146BC Rome destroys Carthage.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Ray, Rammohan. 1772-1833. Indian Hindu scholar, translator. Helped abolish suttee.

Reuchlin, Johannes. 1455-1522. German. Christian. Created Hebrew grammar.

Ribbentrop, Joachim von. 1893-1946. German Nazi foreign minister 1933-45. Hanged at Nuremberg.

Richter, Hans. 1843-1916. Hungarian conductor. Brahms, Wagner expert.

Ritter, Johann. 1776-1810. Polish/German discoverer of UV light.

Roberts, Frederick. 1832-1914. British Field Marshal. Afghan War. Boer War.

Rohan, Prince de. 1734-1803. French cardinal duped in Diamond Necklace Affair.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Romantic. Literary movement. Nature, spirit and emotion. Subjective. Gothic novel. Hugo, Rousseau, Schiller. Wordsworth. Goethe. Scott.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

Sceptics. We can know nothing more than the fleeting images of consciousness. Most is unknowable. Pyrrho.

Scheidemann, Philipp. 1865-1939. First chancellor of Weimar Republic 1918.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schickard, Wilhelm. 1592-1635. Dutch inventor of “calculating clock”, mechanical calculator.

Schleicher, Kurt von. 1882-1934. Last chancellor of Weimar Republic 1932-3. Opposed Hitler. Murdered by SS on Night of Long Knives.

Scipio Africanus Major. 236-183BC. Roman general. Pushed Carthaginians from Spain. Defeated Hannibal at Zama 202.

SEC. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1934. Founded under New Deal.

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