Longchamp, William. -1197. English Chancellor. Ruled in Richard I’s absence 1190-1. Arranged ransom 1193 ending John’s rebellion.

Louis IX. St. Louis. 1214-70. French King 1226-70. Last 2 crusades. Captured on 7th Crusade. Built Ste-Chapelle, 1243, in thanks for release.

Lübeck. 1386-1669. Headquarters of Hanseatic League.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Mahan, Alfred. 1840-1914. US naval officer/historian. Influence of Sea Power on History.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Mathieu, Albert. 1802. Suggested English Channel Tunnel to Napoleon.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

Mazarin Bible. c1455. First book printed with moveable type. (Gutenberg 42-line).

McLuhan, Marshall. 1911-80. Canadian author on effect of media on society. Gutenberg Galaxy. -“Global Village”.-“Medium is the message”.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Memling, Hans. c1433-94. Flemish painter. Passion Triptych 1491.

Mendelssohn, Moses. 1729-86. German Jewish reform philosopher. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Merchant Adventurers. 1296-1806. English trading guild with Dutch. =Hamburg Co 1578-.

Merchants of the Steelyards. -1598. German traders in London.

Merrick, Joseph. 1862-90. “Elephant Man”. Severely disfigured English cripple, subject of play and film.

Metastasio, Pietro. 1698-1782. Italian librettist for Gluck, Handel, Haydn, Mozart.

Metternich, Fürst von. 1773-1859. Austrian prince, chancellor, defender of Absolutism. Quadruple Alliance vs Napoleon. Holy Alliance. Architect of Vienna Congress, 1814.

Michael. Christian/Jewish/Moslem archangel. Leads battle vs evil spirits.

Middleton, Thomas. 1570-1627. English satiric dramatist. Changeling 1622. Woman Beware Women 1621.

Mongol Empire. Asia. Established 1207 by Genghis Khan. Peak included Persia, China, Russia. 1260- Fragmented. Yuan. Golden Horde. Tamerlane.

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