Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Hamman, Johann. 1730-88. German Pietism founder.

Han. 202BC-220. Chinese dynasty. Promoted Confucianism, education, culture, bureaucracy. KaoTsu.

Han Wu Ti. 156-87BC. Chinese Emperor 140-. Confucianism as state religion. Exam system for civil service used to 20C.

Hancock, John. 1737-93. American revolutionary. First signer of Declaration of Independence.

Hand, Learned. 1872-1961. US jurist. Alcoa Antitrust case. Monopoly unlawful. No duty not to minimize one’s taxes 1947.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Handfasting. 1 yr trial marriage, Scotland.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hanno. 5C BC. Carthaginian. Established colonies in West Africa.

Hanover. Dynasty of Germany 1692-1866, Britain 1714-1901.

Hanover, Treaty. 1725. England, France, Prussia oppose Vienna Treaty.

Hansard. 1774-. Official British parliamentary report.

Hanseatic League. 1241-1669. Confederation of N German towns. Dominated N European trade 13-15C.

Hanson, John. 1721-83. American revolutionary. US. ’president’ 1781-2 under Articles of Confederation.

Hansson, Per. 1885-1946. Swedish Prime Minister 1932-. Maintained neutrality in WWII.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Hasdrubal. -207BC. Hannibal’s brother. Carthaginian commander.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. 1804-64. US author: Scarlet Letter 1850. House of Seven Gables 1851.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Heracleitus. c540-480BC. Greek philosopher. ’The only permanent thing is change.’ Fire is basis of matter.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hildebrandt, Johann von. 1668-1745. Austrian Baroque architect. Belvedere Palace 1700.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

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