Manchu. 1644-1912. Chinese dynasty.=Ch’ing. 1682 united China.

Manchuria. 926 Khitan Empire. 1234 Mongol. 1644 Manchu. 1898 Port Arthur. 1932 Manchukuo. 1946 China.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Mongol Empire. Asia. Established 1207 by Genghis Khan. Peak included Persia, China, Russia. 1260- Fragmented. Yuan. Golden Horde. Tamerlane.

Mongolia. 13C Empire. 1686 China (Manchu). Outer Mongolia: 1913 Independent. 1921 Communist revolution. 1924 People’s Republic. Inner Mongolia: «China.

Mutual Assistance Pact. 1950. USSR supports China, sends arms to N Korea.

Nerchinsk, Treaty. 1689. Russia-China trade agreement. China recognizes Russia.

Nixon, Richard. 1913-94. US president 1969-74. Hiss investigation. Checkers. China relations. Vietnam cease-fire. Watergate. Pardoned.

Northern Expedition. 1926-8. Kuomintang unify China, purge Communists.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Panay Incident. 1937. Japanese sink US gunboat in China. US restraint exemplified isolationism.

Pathet Lao. 1950-91. Laotian communists vs French rule in Indochina.

Peking, Treaty. 1860. China cedes coastal land to Russia.

Plague. 429-425BC Athens. 33% died. 1347-53 Europe. (Black Death). Killed 25-50% population. 1603~65 England. 1720 Provençe. 1710 Scandinavia. 1894 China, Hong Kong. 100,000 died, 10M around world.

Polo, Marco. c1254-1324. Venetian traveller to China 1275-92.Travels of Marco Polo 1298.

Port Arthur. Chinese port. 1894 Japan. 1895 China (Shimonoseki Treaty). 1898 Russia. 1904 Japan. 1945 USSR/China. 1955 China.

Portsmouth, Treaty. 1905. Russia recognizes Japan in Korea, returning Manchuria to China.

Pure Land Buddhism. 4C China, Japan. Followers of Buddha saviour Amitabha (Amida, O-mi-t’o). Paradise for invoking his name.

Ricci, Matteo. 1552-1610. Italian Jesuit missionary to China.

Root-Takahira Agreement. 1908. US-Japan. Maintains Open Door policy in China.

Security Council. UN executive. USA, USSR, China, France, UK, + 10 non-permanent.

Shu Han. 221-264. Western China dynasty. Conquered by Wei.

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