Lance. 1927 Abolished by British army. 1939 used by Polish cavalry vs German tanks.

Legion. Roman army unit of 4-6,000 men.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Mannerheim, Carl. 1867-1951. Finnish president. 1944-6. Led fight vs Bolsheviks 1918-21, army 1939-44.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marmousets. Advisers to French Charles V and VI.

McAdam, John. 1756-1836. Scottish inventor of Macadam gravel road 1810...Tarmac.

Mendicant Friars. 13C-. Religious orders depending on alms. Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Carmelites.

Mercantilism. 16-18C. Economic policy opposed to Adam Smith’s. Regulation of industry and trade. Large armies. Wealth of nation is its gold.

Moltke, Helmuth von. 1800-91. Chief of Staff of Prussian army 1857-70, German 1870-88.

Moral Rearmament. 1938 =Buchmanism. Oxford Group.

Mutual Assistance Pact. 1950. USSR supports China, sends arms to N Korea.

NAAFI. Navy Army, Air Force Institute. WWI-II canteen.

New Model Army. 1645. English parliamentary army replaced private armies. Won Civil War.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

Olaf V. 1903-91 King of Norway 1957-. Commanded army vs Germany in 1944, then fled to England.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

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