Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Group of Seven. 1920-74. Canadian Impressionist painters. MacDonald, Harris, Lismer, Varley, Carmichael, Johnston, Jackson. Thomson 1913.

Haganah. 1920-48. Jewish protective force in Palestine. Basis of Israeli army.

Hague Conferences. 1899, 1907. Arms limitation talks banned poison gas, dum-dum bullets. Established World Court.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Harmodius. -514BC. Failed assassin of Hippias.

Harmony Society. Protestant celibate ascetic communal sect. Founded Harmony, PA 1806.

Harmsworth, Harold. 1868-1940. English newspaper publisher. Daily Mail.

Hemingway, Ernest. 1898-1961. US novelist: Fairwell to Arms 1929. For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940. Old Man and the Sea 1952. Style:“A stream with stones of nouns and a surface of prepositional ripples” -L. Morrow.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

Hindenburg Line. 1917. German army’s Western Front. Breached 1918.

Holst, Gustav. 1874-1934. British composer: original style, harmonic experiments. Planets 1918.

Horatio. Roman hero. Stood alone vs Etruscan army.

Howard, Charles. 1536-1624. English. Commanded expedition vs Spanish Armada.

Irish Land Acts. 1870-1903. British legislation for tenant farmers vs landlords.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Irish War. 1919-21. IRA fights for indepence. Irish Free State.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John of the Cross, St. 1542-91. Spanish mystic poet. Founded Discalced Carmelites.

Ka’bah. Shrine in Great Mosque. Moslem Hijrah pilgrimage objective. Contains Black Stone of Mecca given to Adam to absorb his sins. Kidnaped 930-950.

Karman, Theodore von. 1881-1963. US mathematical aerodynamicist.

Kornilov, Lavr. 1870-1918. Russian general. Kerensky’s Commander-in-Chief, 1917. Failed coup vs Kerensky. Led Anti-Bolshevik White Army.

Krupp. 1587-1968. German family of arms manufacturers. Steel works 1812. Canon 1847. Used slave labour in WWII.

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