Tyre. c2000BC Phoenicia. 14C Egypt. 9C Founded Carthage. 8C Assyria. 538 Persia. 332 Alexander...Seleucid. 125 Autonomous. 68BC Rome. 636 Moslem. 1124 Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291 Mameluks destroy.

Ulm, Battle. 1805. Napoleon defeats Austria.

Unicorn. Mythical subject of art 400BC-Middle Ages.

Uniformitarianism. Earth shaped by ongoing processes indicative of time. Lyell.

United Nations. UN. 1945. Charter signed by 50 nations at San Francisco. To safeguard world peace and protect human rights. Most countries members now. 15 agencies for education, relief. Trusteeship .

Urartu. 13-7C BC Kingdom in eastern Turkey. Conquered by Sargon. c600BC Armenians.

Ursula, St. 4C. Martyred by Huns with 11,000 virgins.

Uruguay. 1516 Díaz discovers. 1683 Portugal. 1777 Spain(La Plata). 1820 Brazil. 1828 Independent.

Uther Pendragon. Legendary British king. Father of King Arthur.

Utilitarianism. Good is the maximum good for the maximum number of people. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. Moore.

Utrillo, Maurice. 1883-1955. Montmartre painter. Sacre Coeur 1937. White Period 1908-14.

Val-de-Grace. Paris. 1645-1667. Built by Anne of Austria to thank God for birth of Louis XIV after 23 childless years of marriage. Mansart.

Valentine, St. c270. 2 Christians martyred by Claudius II. Modern celebration derives from Roman Lupercalia fertility festival.

Van Buren, Martin. 1782-1862. US president 1837-41. Independent treasury, US neutrality. Barnburner. Called “Little Magician” for his political dexterity.

Van de Graaff, Robert. 1901-67. US physicist. Particle accelerator 1929. High voltage generator 1932.

Vanbrugh, John. 1664-1726. English Restoration dramatist, Baroque architect: Castle Howard 1702. Blenheim Palace 1705.

Vanderlyn, John. 1775-1852. US Neoclassical artist. Ariadne 1812.

Vasarely, Victor. 1908-97. Hungarian/French Op art kinetic painter.

Vendôme Column. Paris. 1805. Has had statues of Napoleon as Caesar, Henry IV, a Fleur-de-lys, Napoleon in uniform, and now a copy of the original.

Verne, Jules. 1828-1905. French Science Fiction fantasy writer. Voyage to the Centre of the Earth 864. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870. Round the World in 80 Days 1873.

Veronese, Paolo. 1528-88. Venetian decorative artist. Marriage Feast 1562.

Verrocchio, Andrea del. 1435-88. Florentine artist. St Thomas and Christ 1467-83. Bartolomeo 1483-8.

Versailles, Palace. 1661-74. Built by Le Vau and Mansart on site of 1623 hunting lodge. Gardens by Le Nôtre.

Verwoerd, Hendrik. 1901-66. South African Prime Minister 1958-66. Apartheid. Left Commonwealth 1961. Assassinated.

Vestal Virgins. Chaste Roman guardians of Temple to Vesta, goddess of the hearth.

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