Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1729-99. Ended the belief in spontaneous generation of life. Artificial insemination 1780.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

Sputnik. 1957. Russia launches first artificial satellite.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Steichen, Edward. 1879-1973. US photo-artist.

Stephen, St. -31. First Christian martyr.

Stieglitz, Alfred. 1864-1946. US photo-artist.

Stuart. Family which ruled Scotland 1371-1714, England 1603-1714.

Stuart, Arabella. 1575-1615. Pretender to English throne. Died in Tower.

Stuart, Charles Edward. Charlie, Bonnie Prince.

Stuart, Esme. 1542-83. Planned rescue of Mary Queen of Scots. Exiled.

Stuart, Frances. 1648-1702. “Only true love” of Charles II of England.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Stuart, James. 1688-1766. “The Old Pretender”. Catholic Prince of Wales, claimant to British throne. Jacobites.

Suharto. 1921-. Indonesian president. 1967-. Brutally repressed communist coup 1965.

Sullivan, Arthur. 1842-1900. British composer. Operetta form. Mikado 1885. HMS Pinafore 1878. Onward Christian Soldiers. Gilbert.

Sumerian Art. Realistic sculpture.

Suprematism. 20C. Russian school of geometric abstract art.

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