Tatars. Ancient: Mongols who merged with Golden Horde, invaded Europe 13C. Tatarstan.

Tatarstan. 8C Bulgars settle. Tatars. 13C Golden Horde. 1552 Russia. 1991 Independent Republic within Russian Federation.

Turkmenistan. 4CBC Alexander. 7C Arabs. 13C Golden Horde. 15C Persia/Uzbek. 1881 Russia. 1925 Turkemistan SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS. Niyazov.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Uzbekistan. Bactria. 711 Arabs. 1220 Golden Horde brings Uzbeks. 1494 Shaybanids. 1875 Russia. 1924 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Uzbeks. Siberian Turkic-Mongol peoples with Golden Horde from Siberia. Uzbekistan.

Young Plan. 1930. Fixed German WWI reparations at 37 billion gold marks to be paid by 1988. One payment made.

Yukon Gold Rush. 1890s.

Barbary. 16-19C. Name given to North African coast. Berbers.

Blockade. Naval strategy preventing access to an enemy’s coast.

Burkina Faso. (Upper Volta). 11C Bobo. 14C Mossi(E)/Gourma(C)...Kingdoms of Yatanga, Ouagadouga. 1895(E)/97(C) French protectorate. 1904 French Sudan. 1919 French colony. 1932-47 Divided Ivory Coast/Niger/French Sudan. 1948 French Territory. 1960 Independent. 1984 =Burkina Faso.

Côte d’Ivoire. Ivory Coast.

French West Africa. 1895-1958. Dahomey, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Burkino Faso.

Houphouët-Boigny, Félix. 1905-93. West African leader. President of Ivory Coast 1960-.

Ivory Coast. Baulé, Kru, Lobi, Senefu. 1895 French West Africa. 1960 Independent republic. Cote d’Ivoire.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Melilla. Spanish city on Moroccan coast conquered 1497. Berbers.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Olmecs. c1150-800BC. Mexican Gulf coast civilization.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Peking, Treaty. 1860. China cedes coastal land to Russia.

Slave Coast. 17-18C. Parts of Nigeria, Togo, Dahomey.

Spanish Main. 16C. Buccaneer haven. North coast of South America.