Crane, Stephen. 1871-1900. US writer. Red Badge of Courage 1895. Short stories.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Cyprian, St. c200-258. Martyred Bishop of Carthage. Opposed Pope.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Dampier, William. 1651-1715. First English scientific explorer. Pirate, 1678-91. New Voyage Round the World, 1697.

Darby, Abraham. 1678-1717. Iron coking process, 1709.

Dark Ages. c500-1000. Period of decline, frequent war. Little documentation survives.

Debussy, Claude. 1862-1918. French Impressionist composer. System of harmonic images. Nocturnes. La Mer 1905.

Depression. 1873-96. Caused by gold shortage, agricultural shortage, overspeculation, deflation.

Depression, Great. 1929-34. Speculation, shortage of capital, tarrifs led to unemployment, European move to right, totalitarianism.

Dido. Sister of King of Tyre. Legendary founder of Carthage.

Dorians. 1100BC. Savage tribe who conquered Peloponnesus from Achaeans.

Dorr, Thomas. 1805-54. US campaigner for universal male suffrage.

Dryden, John. 1631-1700. British poet laureate, playwright. Marriage a la Mode 1673.

Duke. Highest rank of Peerage.

Earl. Third rank of British peerage.

Enragés. 1793. Parisian extremists overthrow Girondins.

Eolithic. 750,000-250,000BC. Earliest stone age.

Épée, Abbé de l’. 1712-89. French educator of deaf-mutes. Natural sign language.

Erse. Gaelic language of Scottish Highlands.

Europa. Daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, raised by Zeus (Jupiter). Minos’ mother.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

Euterpe. Greek Muse of tragedy and flute playing.

Factory Acts. England. 1802 Apprentices 12 hr day. 1819 Minimum age 9. 1833. Limited child labour to 8 hours and education required 1844 Women, children 10 hr max. 1842 No women/children in mines. 1920 Minimum age 14. US 1844 Women 12 hr max. 1874 Women/children 10 hr max.

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