Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Karl-Marx-Stadt. 1953-90. = Chemnitz, (East). Germany.

Königgrätz, Battle. 1866. Ended 7 Week War. Left Prussia dominant over Germany. = Sadowa.

League of 3 Emperors. 1872. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia for defence vs France.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

Leipzig, Battle. 1813. Napoleon loses Germany and Poland. 500,000 troops involved.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

Mazurian Lakes, Battles. 1914,15. 325,000 Russian casualties by Germany.

Memel. (Klaipeda). 1253 founded. 1410 German. 1919 Lithuania. 1939 Germany. 1945 USSR. 1991 Lithuania.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Mihajlovitch, Dragoljub. 1893-1946. Yugoslav royalist WWII leader vs Tito. Executed for collaboration with Germany; exonerated by US.

Military Conversations. 1906-14. English, French military staff prepare for war with Germany.

Moroccan Crisis. 1905. Germany declares Morocco free of France, Algeciras Conference. 1911 = Agadir Crisis. French gain Morocco, Germany Cameroon, Italy Dodecanese.

Moscow Treaty. 1920 Baltic Liberation. 1921 Turkish frontiers. 1970 W Germany, USSR renounce force.

Mussolini, Benito. Il Duce. 1883-1945. Italian Fascist dictator 1922-. Seized Abyssinia 1935. Allied with Germany WWII. Shot.

Nauru. 1798 Sighted. 1888 Germany (Marshall Is). 1914 Australia. 1920 Britain/Ausralia/New Zealand mandate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1947 Australian trust. 1968 Independent republic.

Neanderthal Man. 100,000-50,000BC. Skull discovered in Germany 1856.

New World Order. 1940. Germany, Italy, Japan plan for world domination.

Nordlingen, Battle. 1634. Sweden defeated, ending influence in S Germany. Heilbronn alliance dissolved.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Olaf V. 1903-91 King of Norway 1957-. Commanded army vs Germany in 1944, then fled to England.

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