Bruno, St. c1035-c1101. Founder of German Carthusian Order 1084.

Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Bulge, Battle. 1945. Last German offensive on the Western Front at Ardennes. WWII.

Bundesrat. Upper house of Swiss, German, Austria Parliaments.

Bundestag. Lower House of German Parliament 1949-. Elects Chancellor.

Bunsen, Robert. 1811-99. German chemist, perfected bunsen burner. Discovered Caesium, Rubidium 1860. Spectroscopy 1859. Kirchhoff.

Burschenschaften. 1815-19. Militant student societies seeking united Germany.

Büsching, Anton. 1724-93. German scientific geographer. New System of Geography 1762.

Cameroon. 1472 Portugal explores. 16-19C Slave source. 1884 Germany. 1916 France(E)/Britain(W). 1960 Independent. 1961 NW to Nigeria; SW =Cameroon Republic.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Carnap, Rudolph. 1891-1970. German/US Logical Positivist philosopher.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Cassino. 1944. Town, monastery destroyed in German defence of route to Rome.

Cavell, Edith. 1865-1915. British nurse in Brussels. Executed by Germans for helping POWs escape.

Central Powers. 1882-1918. = Triple Alliance. Germany and its allies during WWI.

Centre Party. 1871-1933. German Roman Catholic political party.

Chamberlain, Houston. 1855-1927. British/German antisemite pro-Aryan philosopher. Foundation of the Nineteenth Century, 1899.

Chancellor. Title of prime minister of Germany.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Cimbri. 2C BC. Germanic tribe. Invaded Rome. Annihilated.

Clausewitz, Karl von. 1780-1831. German. On War 1816.

Clausius, Rudolph. 1822-88. German physicist. Entropy.

Cold War. 1946-90. Alternating crisis and detente between west and east, begun with Russia breaking Potsdam Agreement and creating communist regimes in East Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

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