Winckler, Hugo. 1863-1913. German archaeologist. Discovered Hittite cuneiform tablets.

Winterhalter, Franz-Xaver. 1805-73. German royal portrait painter. Empress Eugénie 1854.

Wissman, Hermann von. 1853-1905. German explorer of Upper Congo.

Wöhler, Friedrich. 1800-82. German. Synthesized urea 1828. Aluminum 1827.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Wolfram von Eschenbach. 1170-1220. German lyric poet. Parsifal 1202.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Wundt, Wilhelm. 1832-1920. German “father of” experimental psychology 1858.

Yiddish. 12C- European Jewish language from High German+Hebrew+Slavic.

Young Germany. 1830-50. Literary movement vs Nationalism and Romanticism. Heine. Wienbarg.

Young Plan. 1930. Fixed German WWI reparations at 37 billion gold marks to be paid by 1988. One payment made.

Ypres, Battles. 1914,15,17,18. German First use of poison gas, 1915.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zabern Affair. 1913. Riots caused by German military rule in Alsace-Lorraine.

Zeebrugge, Raid. 1918. Allied attempt to block harbour, trapping German submarines, warships.

Zeppelin, Ferdinand von. 1838-1917. German constructor of dirigibles 1900-. 1928 Graf Zeppelin around world. Transatlantic service 1928-37. Hindenburg.

Zimmerman Telegram. 1917. Germany suggests Mexican alliance if US enters war. Interception aroused public vs Germany.

Zinzendorf, Nikolaus. 1700-60. German Pietist. Founded Moravian church.

Zollverein. 1818-71. German economic agreements led by Prussia...German Customs Union 1834. First steps toward union.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Basel, Treaty. 1795. Prussia, France exchange Rhine territories.

Canada. 1000 Norse visit. 1497 Cabot explores. 1534 French claim Quebec. 1583 English claim, settle Newfoundland. 1605 French settle Quebec. 1763 British conquer French territory. 1867 Independent Dominion. 1870 +northwest territories. 1871 +British Columbia. 1873 +PEI. 1949 +Newfoundland, Labrador.

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