Thalidomide. 1958-62. German/British sedative with disastrous effects on embryo development. Led to drug regulatory agencies worldwide.

Three Emperors’ League. 1873-75, 1881-87. Secret Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia. For mutual peace and to isolate France.

Tillich, Paul. 1886-1965. German/US Christian philosopher. Courage To Be 1952. Systematic Theology 1951-63..

Tirpitz, Alfred von. 1849-1930. German naval minister 1897-1916. Built fleet to rival Royal Navy.

Tisza, István. 1861-1918. Hungarian Prime Minister 1903-5,13-17. Supported alliance with Germany. Assassinated.

Tiw. One-handed Germanic god of war.

Togo. 17-19C Slave trade. 1884 German protectorate = Togoland. 1920 British(W)/ French(E) League of Nations mandate. 1957 British Togo +Gold Coast = Independent Ghana. 1960 French Togo independent = Togo.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Trade Unions. Legalized: 1824 Britain. 1834 France. 1869 Germany. 1875 British legalized picketing.

Treitschke, Heinrich von. 1834-96. German Nationalist historian. Authoritarianism. History of Germany 1879-94.

Tripartite Pact. 1940. Japan joins German-Italian Axis. Joined by Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, 1940; Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Croatia, 1941.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

Tsingtao. (Kiaochow). Strategic Chinese port. 1898 German. 1914 Japan. 1922 China. 1938-45 Japanese occupy.

Turnverein. 1811. German Nationalist gymnastic movement vs Napoleon. Jahn.

Ulbricht, Walter. 1893-1973. East German Stalinist General Secretary 1950-71. Head of State 1960-. Ordered Berlin Wall.

Vandals. Germans fleeing Huns, invaded Gaul, Spain 409 and Africa 429-534. Sacked Rome 455. Arians, persecuted other Christians. Routed by Byzantines 533.

VE Day. May 7, 1945. Folowed German surrender signed May 7 in Reims.

Vehmgericht. 14-15C. German tribunals.

Velleda. German druidess, prophet under Vespasian.

Verdun. 1916. Battle in which French repulsed the Germans. 750,000 casualties.

Versailles, Treaty. 1783. Recognized US Independence. 1871. Bismarck wins Franco-Prussian war. 1919. Ended WWI. Founded League of Nations. Germans to cede territory and pay reparations of £6.6/$32B. Only 1/8 paid when cancelled in 1932. US did not ratify.

Vichy. Seat of Pétain’s pro-German government, 1940-44 in unoccupied southern France. Source of waters famous since Roman times.

Vilar, Esther. 1935-. German anti-feminist writer. Manipulated Man.

Virchow, Rudolf. 1821-1902. German pathologist, anthropologist. Applied microscope to medical research. Cellular pathology 1858.

Volkssturm. 1944. German home defence force.

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